3月19日下午，第三屆國際（宜賓）茶業(yè)年會國際茶情趨勢和發(fā)展論壇在宜賓市恒旭國際大酒店舉行，國際茶葉委員會、中國食品土畜進出口商會、歐盟茶與花草協(xié)會以及來自8個國家的茶葉協(xié)會主管分別做各國茶情專題演講，全球茶情報告在宜賓產(chǎn)生。國際茶情趨勢和發(fā)展論壇作為茶業(yè)年會的重頭戲，通過組委會的精心籌劃，全面呈現(xiàn)全球各國獨特的市場消費特點、產(chǎn)業(yè)概覽、進出口數(shù)據(jù)以及2019年市場及消費預(yù)測，聚焦全球茶業(yè)發(fā)展焦點問題的同時詳細講解了飲茶風(fēng)俗與市場消費習(xí)慣，分析了2019年茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展趨勢。論壇上國際茶葉委員會主席伊恩·吉布斯作《2019全球茶葉行業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢，全球茶業(yè)面臨的焦點問題》演講，中國食品土畜進出口商會副會長于露作《2019中國茶產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢》演講，美國茶葉協(xié)會主席彼得·高吉做《2018年美國茶葉貿(mào)易及消費簡況，2019年北美茶飲消費預(yù)測》演講，俄羅斯茶咖協(xié)會主席拉馬茲·恰圖里亞作《俄羅斯茶葉市場：現(xiàn)狀和展望》演講， 英國茶葉委員會主席莎倫·霍爾作《英國2018年茶葉貿(mào)易、消費簡況及2019年消費趨勢》演講，歐盟茶于花草茶協(xié)會秘書長莫妮卡·柏特根作《歐盟2018年茶葉貿(mào)易、消費簡況及2019年消費趨勢》演講，馬拉維茶葉協(xié)會主席桑瓦尼·哈拉作《馬拉維茶產(chǎn)業(yè)概覽》演講，加拿大茶與花草茶協(xié)會主席莎南·韋伯作《加拿大茶葉貿(mào)易與消費》演講，法國茶葉專家芭芭拉·杜福雷恩作《法國茶葉市場》演講，日本中國茶協(xié)會會長王亞雷作《日本茶產(chǎn)業(yè)2018年概況及2019年預(yù)測》演講，泰國茶會主席劉培峰作《泰國茶產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的機遇與挑戰(zhàn)》演講。會議產(chǎn)生的國際茶情無論對生產(chǎn)者、經(jīng)營者還是管理者了解目標(biāo)市場，制定發(fā)展規(guī)劃，促進產(chǎn)業(yè)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展都具有十分重要的作用，同時由第三屆（宜賓）茶業(yè)年會組委會匯編的《全球茶情報告》，中英文對照全面呈現(xiàn)全球茶情，信息量大，內(nèi)容豐富，深受與會各國代表的歡迎。本刊將選登相關(guān)作者報告作連續(xù)報道。此次國際茶情趨勢和發(fā)展論壇前半場由湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)教授劉仲華主持，后半場由聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織政府間茶葉工作組秘書讓.盧克.馬斯塔基主持。
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2018年中國茶葉貿(mào)易概述
文/于露
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近年來，我國茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展得到各級政府的高度關(guān)注和大力推動，茶葉生產(chǎn)、質(zhì)量、文化、消費方面都取得了長足進步。茶葉進出口貿(mào)易總體穩(wěn)中有進，規(guī)模連續(xù)創(chuàng)歷史新高。2018年，中國茶業(yè)以更加穩(wěn)健的步伐、更開闊的胸懷融入世界茶業(yè)，貿(mào)易交流合作也更加緊密。貿(mào)易情況具體如下：
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湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)教授劉仲華主持會議
一、?出口態(tài)勢平穩(wěn)向好，量價再上新臺階
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根據(jù)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計，2018年，我國茶葉出口至128個國家和地區(qū)，出口數(shù)量36.5萬噸，同比上升2.7%，金額17.8億美元（120億元人民幣），同比上升10.5%。
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從出口種類看，綠茶出口依然強勁，出口30.3萬噸，同比增長3%，出口金額12.2億美元，同比增長7.9%。綠茶出口量占中國茶葉出口總量83%，出口金額占總出口額69%。烏龍茶和花茶出口增勢喜人，分別出口1.9萬噸和6917噸，同比上升17.2%和12.2%。普洱茶出口止跌回升，數(shù)量2970噸，同比上升9.3%。紅茶是第二大出口茶類，出口量為3.3萬噸，與去年同比下降7.2%。
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從出口地區(qū)看，非洲和亞洲仍是中國茶葉出口最重要的市場。其中，對非出口20萬噸，同比上升3.3%，占出口總量55%；對亞出口9.8萬噸，同比增長3.1%，占出口總量26.9%。中國倡議并推進的“一帶一路”建設(shè)帶來了機遇，茶葉貿(mào)易量逐年增加，2018年出口9萬噸，同比增長2.1%。對東盟國家出口1.8萬噸，同比上升10.8%。對歐盟出口2.9萬噸，同比略降1.4%。
從出口價格上看，受國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)成本持續(xù)上漲的影響，除普洱茶，綠茶、紅茶、烏龍茶和花茶的出口均價均不同程度提高，拉動茶葉出口總額快速增長。
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我國28個出口?。ㄊ校┏隹诓枞~，茶葉出口量排名前五位的省份分別是浙江、安徽、湖南、福建、江西，該五省出口量占出口總量82.7%。
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茶葉出口穩(wěn)定增長有兩個主要原因：一是茶葉安全質(zhì)量不斷提升，為茶葉擴大出口夯實了基礎(chǔ)。我國政府主管部門不斷強化茶葉質(zhì)量安全管理，各產(chǎn)區(qū)加快各產(chǎn)區(qū)加快實施綠色生產(chǎn)模式，積極創(chuàng)建高標(biāo)準生態(tài)茶園。從茶葉生產(chǎn)、加工到商品茶包裝銷售的全過程，質(zhì)量安全問題都作為重點問題在抓。茶葉衛(wèi)生質(zhì)量安全水平不斷提高，進口商和消費者的信心增強需求上漲。二是國際市場茶葉消費進一步多元化。盡管世界茶葉消費品類中，紅茶仍占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。但隨著消費者對綠茶、特色保健茶等功效的認知不斷提高，近年來以綠茶為主的消費升溫，貿(mào)易量持續(xù)增長。
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聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織政府間茶葉工作組秘書長讓.盧克.馬斯塔基主持會議
二、茶葉進口快速增長，市場前景廣闊
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2018年，中國進口茶葉量為3.55萬噸，同比增長19.1%，進口額為1.8億美元，同比增長19.4%。2014 -2018年茶葉進口量復(fù)合增長率為7.2%，進口金額復(fù)合增長率達12.7%。
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進口茶葉以紅茶為主，達3萬噸，同比增長16%，占進口總量83.3%，進口金額1.2億美元，同比增長10.4%。2014 -2018年紅茶進口量復(fù)合增長率為14.6%，進口金額復(fù)合增長率為14.4%。其次是綠茶和烏龍茶，進口量分別為3142噸和2308噸，各占進口總量的8.7%和6.5%。
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斯里蘭卡是最大的紅茶來源國，占進口紅茶總量36.7%，其次是印度、肯尼亞、印度尼西亞。進口綠茶、烏龍茶主要來自于中國臺灣省。
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茶葉進口量大幅增加主要由于中國市場消費升級，企業(yè)需要不斷創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品和口味來迎合消費者的多元化需求。以紅茶為原料調(diào)制的各種茶飲料和袋泡茶受到人們的歡迎，隨之對外國紅茶的需求不斷上漲。
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三、今年形勢展望
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茶葉貿(mào)易正在蓬勃發(fā)展，未來將呈現(xiàn)的四個主要趨勢：一是各國人們對健康理念的認識，對茶葉健康屬性的了解，帶動了對茶葉的喜愛，茶消費需求將會持續(xù)增長；二是茶葉從業(yè)人員通過科技和創(chuàng)新，使茶葉品質(zhì)不斷提高、品種不斷豐富，茶葉的多重內(nèi)涵得以充分發(fā)揮，更加受到消費者的青睞。三是茶葉自身蘊含的愉悅和諧、自然健康的魅力吸引和連結(jié)了親朋好友，人們以茶論道、以茶會友，獲得了精神上的享受。各國不同的茶文化交流融合，更加帶動了茶葉貿(mào)易的發(fā)展；四、市場更加包容開放，貿(mào)易壁壘也將逐步減少，貿(mào)易合作更加順暢。
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茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨著發(fā)展機遇,同時也面臨著挑戰(zhàn)。一是繼續(xù)提振消費，掌握年輕消費者的心理，使之喜愛茶常喝茶；二是如何更好地體現(xiàn)茶葉價值，讓消費者更易相信和接受；三是更加科學(xué)規(guī)范地使用農(nóng)藥和生物農(nóng)藥，保障茶葉安全生產(chǎn)，同時最大限度地減少污染保護環(huán)境。
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Overview of China's Tea Trade in 2018
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In recent years, the development of tea industry in China was intensely focused and vigorously promoted by the government at all levels. Great progress has been made in tea production, quality assurance, cultural popularization and tea consumption. Volume of tea Import and export trade has raised steadily and has set new records continuously. In 2018, China's tea industry has been working closely with other countries with a smooth pace and a broader mind in order to integrate the world tea industry. The trade situation in details is as follows:
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1. Export increased steadily, with both record-breaking volume and price.
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According to customs statistics, in 2018, 365,000 tons of Chinese tea has exported to 128 countries and regions, up to 2.7% YoY (Year-on-year percentage), and the value of tea exports increased by 10.5% YoY to 1.78 billion US dollars (12 billion RMB).
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From the perspective of classification of tea, the export of Chinese green tea remains robust, with the volume of 330,000 tons, an increase of 3% YoY, and the total value of 1.22 billion US dollars, an increase of 7.9% YoY. , the export of Chinese green tea accounted for 83% of China's total tea export volume and 69% of total export value. Oolong tea and scented tea exports grew impressively, exporting 19,000 tons and 6917 tons respectively, up to 17.2% and 12.2% YoY. Pu'er tea exports stopped falling and rebounded, with a total volume of 2970 tons, up 9.3% YoY. Black tea is the second largest classification of tea, with an export volume of 33,000 tons, decreased 7.2% YoY.
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From the perspective of destination of exports, Africa and Asia are still the most important markets for Chinese tea. Among them, the volume of exports to Africa reached 200,000 tons , increased by 3.3% YoY, accounting 55% of total exports; exports to Asia increased by 3.1% YoY, accounting for 26.9% of total exports. The proposed initiative “the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road” has brought opportunities to tea trade with countries participating in the “Belt and Road” initiative, the volume of tea trade has increased year by year, with an export volume of 90,000 tons in 2018, an increase of 2.1% YoY. Exports volume to ASEAN countries reached 18,000 tons, increased 10.8% YoY, 29,000 tons to the EU, a slight decrease of 1.4% YoY.
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In terms of export prices, due to the continuous rise of domestic production costs, the average export prices of green tea, black tea, oolong tea and scented tea all increased to varying degrees, which helped raise the growth of total value of tea exports.
There are 28 export provinces (cities) in China that exports tea. The top five among them are Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Fujian and Jiangxi, their export volume account for 82.7% of the total export volume of China.
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There are two main reasons for the steady growth of tea export: firstly, the continuous improvement of tea quality assurance has laid a solid foundation for the expansion of tea export. The competent authorities of Chinese government have been continuously strengthened the quality and safety management of tea, accelerated the implementation of green production mode and established high-standard ecological tea plantations in all tea-producing regions. quality and safety are given special attention during the whole process of tea production, processing, packaging and sales of tea. The levels of hygiene and tea quality have been continuously improved, which led to the increasing confidence and demand of importers and consumers. Secondly, tea consumption in the international market is further diversified. Although black tea still dominates the world tea consumption, the consumption of green tea has been increasing in recent years, and the volume of trade has continued to grow. Due to the continuous trend of healthy diet among consumers that the green tea may be healthier than black tea.
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2. Rapid growth of tea imports and broad market prospects
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In 2018, China imported 355,000 tons of tea, an increase of 19.1% YoY, with imports of 180 million US dollars, an increase of 19.4% YoY. The compound growth rate of tea import volume was 7.2% from 2014 to 2018, and the compound growth rate of tea import value was 12.7%.
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Black tea is the main imported tea, reaching 30,000 tons, up 16% YoY, accounting for 83.3% of the total imports, and the amount of imports is 120 million US dollars, up 10.4% year-on-year. From 2014 to 2018, the compound growth rate of black tea import was 14.6%, and the compound growth rate of import amount was 14.4%. The second is green tea and oolong tea, with imports of 3,142 tons and 2,308 tons respectively, accounting for 8.7% and 6.5% of the total import volume.
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Sri Lanka is the largest source of imports of black tea, which accounts for 36.7% of the total imported black tea, followed by India, Kenya and Indonesia. Imports of green tea and oolong tea are mainly from Taiwan Province of China.
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The large increase in tea imports is mainly due to the upgrading of consumption in the Chinese market. Enterprises need to constantly innovate new products with new tastes to meet the diversified needs of consumers. Various kinds of tea beverages and tea bags made from black tea are welcomed among Chinese consumers, and the demand for foreign black tea keeps rising.
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3. Prospects for the situation in 2019
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The tea trade is developing vigorously, and there will be four main trends in the future: first, the knowledge of healthy diet and health benefits of tea will be deepened among consumers which will led to the raise of demand for tea, trade volume will ?certainly continue to grow; second, through science and technology and innovation, tea producers will continuously improve the quality of tea, constantly enrich the varieties and fully enrich the multiple connotations of tea. So that tea will be more favoured by consumers. Thirdly, the charm of pleasure, harmony and natural health contained in tea itself attracts and connects relatives and friends. People communicate sincerely and peacefully when they drink tea with spiritual enjoyment. The exchange and integration of different tea cultures from different countries has further promoted the development of tea trade. Fourth, the market is more inclusive and open, trade barriers will be gradually reduced, and trade cooperation will be smoother.
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Tea industry is facing both development opportunities and challenges. Hence, first, it worth consideration that how to boost consumption continuously, by understanding the consuming psychology of young generation, so that they drink tea more often and enjoyably; second, how to reflect the underlying value of tea, so that consumers are more willing to understand and accept; third, how to apply more scientific and standardized use of pesticides and biological pesticides, in order to ensure the safety of tea production, as well as minimizing pollution and protecting the environment.
(來源：茗邊智庫，本文選自《全球茶情報告（2019.3）》）
